Los verbos modales, como su nombre lo indica, son aquellos que modifican a otro verbo, comunicándole diferentes significados.
Los verbos modales se caracterizan por:
.- Ir siempre acompañados de un verbo principal en su forma de infinitivo sin TO ( a excepción de OUGHT TO).
.- Tener sólo 1 o 2 tiempos (presente y pasado).
.- Carecer de "s" en la tercera persona (he, she, it) del singular del presente.
.- Interrogar y negar por sí mismos, sin ayuda de auxiliares.
I.- CAN - COULD:
CAN y sus equivalentes (be able to, be capable to) indican habilidad fisica o capacidad mental. Su equivalente en Castellano corresponde al verbo PODER.
Ejemplos: He CAN walk to the bookshop.
She CAN solve the problem.
CAN puede ser usado para expresar ideas en presente o en futuro, pero nunca en pasado.
Ejemplo: Nancy CAN run next weekend.
La forma negativa del CAN es CANNOT y su contracción negativa es CAN'T.
COULD como forma de pasado de CAN indica también habilidad física o capacidad mental. En este caso se emplea para acción en el pasado, dentro de la misma oración haciendo las veces de adverbio de tiempo.
Ejemplo: He COULD read the thermometer when she was in high school.
COULD también expresa la idea de posibilidad. En este caso su equivalente en Castellano es PODRÍA, con lo cual el tiempo que indica puede ser presente, pasado o futuro.
Ejemplo: He COULD start now.
He COULD write the report if he had a computer.
He COULD come tomorrow.
La forma negativa de COULD es COULD NOT y su contracción negativa es COULDN'T.
COULD:
habilidad
en el pasado: "I could
play the piano when I was a child"
posibilidad: "There
could be trouble if the government tries to force this measure through"
pedidos
y sugerencias: "Could you
give me a hand?" "We could go to the theatre tonight"
para
pedir permiso: "Could I
leave a bit early today?"
permiso
en el pasado: "When I was
young I could invite friends to my house because my mother allowed me to"
deducción: "That
could be John's car I can hear -- he said he was coming"
prohibición
en el pasado: "When I was
young I couldn't go out until I had tidied my room"
voluntad: I couldn't possibly leave Tim here on his own (I
didn't want to, that's why I didn't leave him).
II.- MAY - MIGHT:
May indica la posibilidad en el lenguaje de la ciencia, esta posibilidad puede referirse al presente o al futuro.
Ejemplos: It MAY rain today.
It MAY rain tomorrow.
También indica permiso para ejecutar o realizar una acción.
Ejemplo: Helen MAY accept the invitation.
We MAY go to the beach.
MAY NOT es la forma negativa de MAY.
MAY
posibilidad: We may go to
France next year
para expresar deseos/esperanzas: May you both be
very happy
permiso: You
may go when you've finished
ofrecimientos: May I be of any
assistance?
concesión: He may be the
boss, but he certainly can't treat us like that
prohibición: You
may not go until you've finished!
MIGHT corresponde al pasado de MAY para indicar posibilidad, cuando en la oración hay otra acción en pasado.
Su equivalente en este caso es PUDO/PODIA.
Ejemplos: He says that he MAY come early.
He said that he MIGHT come early.
MIGHT también puede indicar posibilidad más remota de la que expresa MAY. En este caso su equivalente en Castellano es PODRIA y expresa tiempo presente o futuro.
Ejemplo: He MIGHT try today
He MIGHT try tomorrow.
MIGHT
posibilidad: This expedition
might be quite dangerous
sugerencias: You
might try phoning directory inquiries
pedidos: Might I borrow
some money?
enojos/reproches: You might at
least say you're sorry!
III.- MUST:
MUST nos indica obligación, necesidad, deber o condición que no puede cambiar. Se usa para referirse al presente o al futuro.
Ejemplos: Scientists MUST be objective. (obligación)
Fish MUST live in water. (condición incambiable)
He MUST study hard to pass (deber)
He MUST take this medicine (necesidad)
He MUST collect some data. (obligación futura)
MUST tiene su equivalente en HAVE TO, reemplaza su forma de pasado: HAD TO, cuando indica necesidad.
Ejemplos: He HAD TO see the director yesterday because there was a problem in the surgery room.
MUST NOT es la forma negativa de MUST e indica prohibición.
Ejemplo: You MUST NOT smoke in the laboratory.
IV.- SHOULD - OUGHT TO:
En muchos de sus usos SHOULD y OUGHT TO son intercambiables. La diferencia estructural consiste en que OUGHT modifica a un verbo en su forma de infinitivo con TO, así que se le representa como OUGHT TO. Ambos son verbos modales y tienen una sola forma.
SHOULD Y OUGHT TO indican obligación de la cual se puede prescindir. Indica más bien una recomendación, sugerencia sobre algo que debe hacerse.
Ejemplos: We SHOULD invite Mr. and Mrs Taylor to the concert.
Como se puede observar, este verbo comunica una idea de obligación menos impositiva que la expresada por MUST. Los que escriben artículos científicos en Inglés, utilizan a SHOULD y OUGHT TO para comunicar una idea de expectación, de espera de resutados, como sustituto de la frase: "It can be expected that..." en ciertas oraciones.
SHOULD y OUGHT se pueden usar para referirse al presente o al futuro.
Ejemplo: He SHOULD (OUGHT TO) compare the different types of vegetations now.
She SHOULD (OUGHT TO) help him become a successful worker.
SHOULD NOT y OUGHT NOT TO son las formas negativas de estos verbos modales.
Ejemplos: That nurse SHOULD NOT go out yet.
That nurse OUGHT NOT TO go out yet.
V.- WILL
WILL se utiliza en la formación del futuro.
El futuro simple se forma con el WILL + VERBO (sin to).
Ejemplo: They WILL write the patients' records.
WILL NOT es la forma negativa WON'T es su forma negativa contractada.
Ejemplo:
She will not be present in the meeting.
She won't be present in the meeting.
Como verbo modal WILL tiene otros usos que comunican al verbo que modifican otras ideas:
Ejemplo: He WILL sit for hours by the fire.
En este caso WILL indicaría costumbre o persistencia.
This metal WILL NOT bend.
Aqui se indica una propiedad física.
VI.- WOULD
WOULD indica el pasado equivalente de WILL.
Ejemplo: I WILL see you tomorrow.
I told you that I WOULD see you tomorrow.
En las estructuras presentadas se observa claramente, en la segunda oración, una referencia al futuro (tomorrow) en el pasado, de allí el empleo de WOULD para mantener la secuencia de tiempo.
La forma negativa de este verbo es WOULD NOT, y su forma contractada es WOULDN'T.
WOULD se utiliza también en las oraciones condicionales, es decir, en aquellas oraciones formadas por dos cláusulas: una de las cuales establece la condición con las palabras IF, UNLESS, y otra cláusula que indica el resultado de esa condición mediante el empleo de WILL o WOULD.
Ejemplos: If he Has time, he WILL do the homework.
If he had time, he WOULD do the homework.
En estos casos WOULD puede ser reemplazado por los verbos modales COULD, SHOULD o OUGHT TO.
sábado, 24 de marzo de 2012
viernes, 16 de marzo de 2012
Possesive adjective - possesive pronouns
Possesive adjective are used to show ownership
Mi libro
My book
Tu pluma
Your pen
The difference between an adjetive and a
pronoun.
ADJETIVE --------describes a noun
PRONOUN-------takes the place of a noun
My book is large. (adjective, describes book)
Yours is small.
(pronoun, takes the place of noun)
Your car is green.
(adjective, describes car)
Mine is red. (pronoun, takes the place of noun)
Maria busca a su hermana.
Maria is looking for her sister.
Juan busca a su hermana.
Juan is looking for
his sister.
Ellos buscan a su hermana.
They are looking for their sister.
Su Madre busca a su hermana.
Your mother is looking
for your sister.
sábado, 10 de marzo de 2012
The perfect trip "Barcelona City"
The perfect trip, Europe, especially in the city of Barcelona, which has a variety of interesting things to learn, such as culture, history, the relationship of ancient and modern architecture in the historical center, visit the buildings of the Spanish architect Santiago Calatraba, recognized worldwide for modern architecture and complex.
For this trip will I need a guide to important places, comfortable clothing, backpack, ticket, drive license, passport and many euros.
For this trip will I need a guide to important places, comfortable clothing, backpack, ticket, drive license, passport and many euros.
comparative not as.........as
Comparatives
Compare these things
using (not) as………as
as ... as - tan ... como
not so ... as - no tan ... como
not as ... as - no tan ... como
(not) as much ... as - (no) tanto ... como
(not) as many ... as - (no) tantos ... como
the same ... as - la misma ... que
not so ... as - no tan ... como
not as ... as - no tan ... como
(not) as much ... as - (no) tanto ... como
(not) as many ... as - (no) tantos ... como
the same ... as - la misma ... que
Bill is as tall as Peter.
This is not as easy as you
think.
Today is hotter than yesterday.
Paris is older than New York.
It was much less interesting than I thought.
The Nile is the longest river in
the world.
Is that the best answer
you can give?
Today there are three times as many birds as yesterday.
I have half as much money as my
brother.
comporative/superlative
Comparative words
Bigger ---- a syllable is added “er”
Smaller
a thing
|
pairs
|
groups
|
bad
|
worse
|
worst
|
good
|
better
|
best
|
|
|
|
short
|
shorter
|
shortest
|
big
|
bigger
|
biggest
|
ugly
|
uglier
|
ugliest
|
expensive
|
more
expensive
|
most
expensive
|
Pronoun reference
pronouns
|
object pronouns
|
adjetive pronouns
|
possesive pronouns
|
reflexive pronouns
|
I
|
me
|
my
|
mine
|
myself
|
you
|
you
|
your
|
yours
|
yourself
|
he
|
him
|
his
|
his
|
himself
|
she
|
her
|
her
|
hers
|
herself
|
it
|
it
|
--
|
its
|
itself
|
we
|
us
|
our
|
ours
|
ourself
|
you
|
you
|
your
|
yours
|
yourself
|
they
|
them
|
their
|
theirs
|
thenself
|
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